1) Energy conversion processes and components with high environmental impact (3 CFUs)
2) Environmental impact of energy and industrial systems (3 CFUs)
See moodle e-l https://e-l.unifi.it/course/view.php?id=4943
Course notes + possible texts suggested on the various topics (available on moodle e-l https://e-l.unifi.it/course/view.php?id=4943)
Learning Objectives
Complete the environmental engineer's energy training with knowledge of high-impact energy conversion processes (by widespread and / or size level) such as refrigeration and heat pumps, cogenerators and more efficient use of primary energy resources, frequently required in the professional and relevant areas for environmental compatibility.
Add to the expertise on traditional energy conversion plants the most innovative knowledge of combined gas / steam plants, regenerative gas turbine cycles, small and medium heat cogeneration units (distributed microcogeneration) and energy recovery and conversion facilities of low temperature heat (ORC cycles).
Complete the knowledge of components of energy conversion plants that have a predominant impact on resource consumption and environmental footprint such as heat, pollutant release and soil occupation such as steam generators and cooling towers.
Provide the minimum knowledge for the understanding of the application of the total heat exchange problems in plants (heat exchangers).
Provide the basic skills needed to approach the issues related to the environmental impact of energy and industrial systems, with reference to the emissions of energy conversion plants and the main abatement and removal technologies. Core skills will be provided on emissions from the main types of industrial plants and energy conversion and the abatement and removal technologies.
There will also be room for pollutant emissions and environmental impact assessment procedures (EIAs) for energy and industrial plants as well as for authorization procedures.
Finally, aspects concerning the typology and the diffusion of gaseous pollutants and their relationship with weather conditions will be discussed. This part will be supplemented by regulatory content on air quality and emission limits.
This is a cultural heritage of great importance for an environmental engineer, who completes the training on environmental impact regarding energy and industrial systems, with particular reference to gaseous pollutants. The latter are generally minority in the lessons relating to the civil and environmental engineering sectors, more liquid and solid pollutants, thus going to fill a gap.
Prerequisites
Knowledge: basics of thermodynamics and heat transfer acquired in energy courses in the first level degree.
Knowledge of wet air (psychrometry)
Teaching Methods
Classes, exerxises, seminars
Type of Assessment
Oral exam: 2-3 questions on course topics, including the resolution of an application problem
Course program
1. Refrigeration cycles (about 6 hours) - Performance coefficient (COP). Simple and perfect compression cycles. Absorption cycles. Heat pumps. Refrigerant fluids and environmental compatibility.
2. Powerplants and components for the production of electricity and heat and their impact on the environment: evaluation and possible solutions for the improvement of the energy performance:
a. Cogeneration of electricity and heat (about 4 hours) - Legislative aspects and performance evaluation. Solutions with steam plants, gas turbines and internal combustion engines. Regulatory loads (dynamic analysis).
b. Microcogeneration (about 4 hours): solutions for the production of small distributed electric power and heat (gas microturbines, ORC cycles). Use of low temperature heat (ORC cycles).
c. Steam gas combined cycles (about 3 hours) - Recovery solutions and repowering interventions. Combined cycle performance. Heat recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) efficiency. Heat balance of the HRSG.
d. Steam generators (about 3 hours): air-exhausts and water-steam circuits . Natural circulation, assisted and forced circulation. Corrosion and cleaning of steam generators. Steam generator efficiency: direct and indirect method with calculation of losses.
e. Cooling towers (about 3 hours) - Type, operating principle and preliminary sizing.
3. Heat Transfer Complements (about 5 hours). Conductivity of solids / liquids / gases, temperature dependence. Convection: Principle recall, dimensional numbers. Forced and natural convection. Global heat transfer coefficient. heat exchangers Surface ; efficiency e, NTU thermal exchange unit. Sizing method NTU-e, heat capacity effects.
1) Assessment of the environmental impacts of industrial plants (about 3 hours): regulatory issues (Directive, national and regional norms); the EIA procedure; declination of impact items; planners, programmers and constituents; comparison with BREFs and VIA AIA connections; Strategic Environmental Assessment (VAS) of plans and programs
2) Atmospheric Emissions from Installations of Energy conversion systems (about 3 hours): Powders, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Oxides, Carbon Monoxide, Unburned Hydrocarbons, Other Organic Microinquinants; heavy metals.
3) Drafting the Environmental Impact Study (SIA) and the Preliminary Environmental Study (SPA) - L.R. 10/2010 (about 3 hours): Regulatory, programmatic and environmental reference framework; modeling techniques used for assessments and minimum requirements of an SIA (atmospheric modeling, interview, CO2 balance, and other models required by control bodies); quantification of impacts during the construction site, in operation and in disposal; matrix analysis and parametric methods; Real-case Exercise - Case Study made by DIEF.
4) Authorization procedures for industrial plants (about 3 hours): Environmental permits; single environmental authorization (AUA); Authorization for Wastewater Discharges, Atmospheric Emissions - Acoustic Impact, Hazardous Waste Recovery Operations; Integrated Environmental Authorization (AIA) - IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control); Plans for monitoring and control of IPPC plants and their management.